JURNAL GREEN HOUSE

Mass Balance Analysis of the Virgin Coconut Oil Production Process from Coconut Milk Using the Heating Method (Hot Process)

Nining Pambudi Astuti — 2026-01-29

Virgin coconut oil produced from coconut milk is a high value-added product in the coconut agro-industry, but small-scale processes are rarely analysed quantitatively, so opportunities to improve yield and reduce material losses remain insufficiently defined. This study aimed to establish and analyse a mass balance for the production of virgin coconut oil from coconut milk using a heating (hot process) method that represents micro- and small-scale operations. The methodology was developed as a case study based on a worked example of a single process cycle. A full mass balance was derived for the entire sequence, starting from the extraction of thick and thin coconut milk from 2.65 kilograms of grated coconut with the addition of 2.25 kilograms of water, followed by initial filtration, heating and separation of oil, water, and blondo, removal of residual water, reheating of the oil, and final filtration. All streams were classified as main product, co-products, aqueous phase, water vapour, and mechanical losses. The results show that the process produced 0.50 kilograms of virgin coconut oil, corresponding to a yield of 12.99 percent relative to the coconut milk feed and 18.87 percent relative to the grated coconut. With a theoretical oil content of 0.57 kilograms in the coconut milk, this corresponds to an oil recovery of 87.72 percent, while approximately 12 percent of the potential oil remained entrapped in blondo, filter residues, and press cake. The aqueous phase reached 2.75 kilograms, the process solids 0.49 kilograms, the final extraction residue 0.90 kilograms, water vapour 0.06 kilograms, and total losses 0.20 kilograms. This mapping reveals critical loss points at the extraction and separation stages and highlights the potential for valorising liquid and solid co-products as additional sources of value. Overall, the study demonstrates that applying a mass balance provides a sharp picture of efficiency and loss patterns in the production of virgin coconut oil from coconut milk by a heating method, and offers a quantitative basis for designing more efficient processes, reducing food loss and waste, and developing co-product utilisation strategies in small-scale coconut agro-industry.

Analysing the Changes in Levels of Phosphate, Sugar’s Reducing, and Brix at Stages of Processing of Sugarcane Juice Using Ascorbic Acid and Lane–Eynon Method

Siti Nurul Afifah — 2026-01-29

The key to maintaining the quality of the final product in the sugar industry and the efficiency of the sugar production process during granulated sugar processing is the quality control of sugarcane juice. Study aimed to chemically analyze changes in phosphate and reducing sugar levels in various types of sugarcane juice for quality control, based on operational data from a sugar factory over 10 consecutive days. Phosphate levels were analyzed using the ascorbic acid method and UV-Vis spectrophotometry and reducing sugars were analyzed using the Lane-Eynon method. The addition of phosphoric acid increased the phosphate levels of raw juice from 166.67-263.34 ppm to 206.67-306.67 ppm, indicating the effectiveness of the clarification process. However, phosphate levels decreased after treatment, which indicates process instability or excessive phosphate precipitation. Reducing sugar content was stable in early processing (1.1–2.8%) but increased to 13.53% in thick sap due to heating and evaporation. The Brix value increased during the processing stage, from 12.9–15.1% in the first-pressed sap and to 66.6–75.9% in the thick sap. An increase in the Brix value does not necessarily indicate better sap quality, as it correlates with an increase in reducing sugar content.

Development of an Internet of Things Based Microclimate Control System for Aglaonema Plants

Alvin Candra Wijaya — 2026-01-29

Aglaonema is an ornamental plant with high aesthetic and economic value, whose growth and quality are strongly influenced by microclimate conditions such as temperature, air humidity, and soil moisture. This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) based microclimate control system for Aglaonema plants capable of monitoring and controlling environmental conditions automatically and in real time. The system is designed using an ESP32 microcontroller as the main controller, a DHT22 sensor for measuring temperature and air humidity, a soil moisture sensor for monitoring growing media conditions, and actuators consisting of a cooling fan and a water pump. Environmental data are transmitted to the ThingSpeak platform to support remote monitoring. System testing includes sensor accuracy evaluation, actuator response testing, and assessment of the system’s impact on plant growth. The results indicate that the sensors exhibit good accuracy and stability, the actuators operate correctly according to predefined control logic, and the system effectively maintains optimal microclimate conditions for plant growth. The proposed system has the potential to support more efficient and automated Aglaonema cultivation under a limited experimental scale.

Spatial Modeling Habitat Suitability of Rekrekan (Presbytis comata fredericae Sody, 1930) using MaxEnt Analysis in Petungkriyono Forest, KPH Pekalongan Timur

Arrayaana Artaka — 2026-01-29

Petungkriyono Forest is a conservation area as a habitat for endemic animals on the island of Java, such as Rekurkan (Presbytis comata fredericae Sody, 1930). One form of spatial fairness of living space is through the Natural Specialty Displaying (ENM) approach. This exploration aims to determine the feasibility of the Rekkerjaan environment in the Petungkriyono Forest, KPH East Pekalongan. The research was conducted from April to May 2023. The habitat suitability model uses data on encounter coordinates and environmental variables of the Rekkerjaan habitat. The data is then analyzed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm, a model of Rekrekan habitat suitability can be built. The research results showed three models of habitat suitability categories, high 1,554 ha (26%), medium 1,562 ha (27%), and low 2,658 ha (46%). The evaluation of the Rekrekan habitat suitability model in the Petungkriyono Forest has a very good AUC value and model accuracy of 0.916

The Potential of Bedengan Ecotourism in Supporting Sustainable Development

Yohanes Maria Vianey Ola — 2026-01-29

Bedengan Forest Tourism is an ecotourism destination renowned for its captivating natural scenery and rich cultural assets. This region is not only valued for its productive agricultural capacity but also serves as an excellent site for various nature-based tourism activities. Located in Selorejo Village, Dau District, Malang Regency, East Java, the research was undertaken in Bedengan from May to June 2025. The study aimed to identify the ecotourism potential of Bedengan, assess the role of the local community in supporting ecotourism, and develop strategies for sustainable ecotourism growth. The research employed survey and observation methods, with samples selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed qualitatively using SWOT analysis. The development strategies formulated based on the SWOT analysis include: (a) maximizing the appeal of Bedengan’s natural resources to promote educational nature tourism, supported by facilities such as ticket booths, prayer rooms, gazebos, toilets, parking, photo spots, camping gear, QR and educational parks, information boards, seating, flying fox, trash bins, and information centers; (b) expanding collaborations for educational and tourism promotions to enhance tourism management and visitor interest; and (c) proactively addressing potential threats by innovatively and characteristically developing Bedengan Tourism to ensure its long-term sustainability.

Utilization of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) Leaf Compost as a Soil Ameliorant for Post-Mining Land in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) Cultivation

Santi Purwanti — 2026-01-29

Post-mining soils are commonly characterized by poor chemical properties that limit plant growth and agricultural productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) leaf compost as an organic soil ameliorant for improving soil chemical properties and supporting lettuce cultivation on post-mining land. The experiment was conducted using several proportions of Ketapang leaf compost incorporated into post-mining soil as planting media. Observed parameters included soil chemical properties, namely soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus, as well as lettuce growth indicators such as plant height, leaf width, leaf number, and biomass. The results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of Ketapang leaf compost significantly enhanced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents. Soil pH also improved at higher compost application rates, indicating better chemical conditions for plant growth. Improvements in soil chemical properties were accompanied by enhanced lettuce growth performance, particularly in plant height, leaf width, and fresh biomass. The parameters of number of leaves and dry biomass did not show significant differences. Ketapang leaf compost has strong potential as a sustainable organic ameliorant for rehabilitating post-mining soils while supporting lettuce production. The utilization of locally available organic materials offers an environmentally friendly approach to land restoration and sustainable horticultural development.

Study of Avifauna Diversity and Vertical Space Utilization in the Selok Block of the RPH Sumbermanjing Kulon Protect Forest

Sanherib Umbu Kabobu Ngudang — 2026-01-29

The Birds a crucial role in maintaining the balance of forest ecosystems, serving as seed dispersers, pollinators, and pest controllers, as well as being indicators of environmental quality. The Selok Block Protect Forest in the RPH Sumbermanjing Kulon is a critical habitat requiring scientific study of its bird diversity, protecting endemic species and maintaining the forest's ecological function. The objectives of this study were to determine bird species diversity, vegetation status, and the use of vertical space by birds. This research was conducted in the RPH Sumbermanjing Kulon Protect Forest Area, Sumberbening Village, Bantur District, Malang Regency. The research was conducted in July 2025. Two observation routes were used using the Point Count method. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively using the Shannon-Winner species diversity index (H'). to determine the diversity of bird species. The use of vertical space was analyzed qualitatively descriptively by visualizing images of vegetation strata in the Selok Block Area of the RPH Sumbermanjing Kulon Protect Forest. Based on the results of the Shannon Winer index (H') diversity of bird species in the Selok Block, a value of 2.458 was obtained, indicating that diversity is classified as moderate. Vegetation strata utilized by birds on both paths are ground cover strata, shrubs, saplings, and poles.